What does dual power refer to in the criminal justice system?

• A. Power over the public
• B. Power over employees
• C. Dual power internal and external
• D. Personal power

Answer: (C)

Power in the criminal justice system comes from two sources working together: internal authority within agencies and external oversight from outside the agencies. Internal power covers the chain of command, policies, discipline, budgeting, and training that guide everyday decisions and actions. External power includes the constraints and influences from courts, legislatures, civilian review boards, the media, and the community—forces that shape policy, accountability, and legitimacy. Together, these dual sources balance each other: internal structures keep operations efficient and consistent, while external oversight ensures legality, civil rights protection, and public trust. For example, a policing decision is shaped not only by department rules and leadership but also by court rulings, legislative standards, and community expectations.