What are the three types of process theories?

• A. Equity Theory, Expectancy Theory, and Goal-Setting Theory
• B. Maslow's Hierarchy, Self-Determination, and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
• C. Equity Theory, Social Exchange Theory, and Reinforcement Theory
• D. Organizational Justice, Procedural Justice, and Interactional Justice

Answer: (A)

Process theories of motivation explain how people move from thinking about effort to choosing to act, focusing on cognitive steps like expectancy, value, and goals. The three theories that fit this idea are Expectancy Theory, Equity Theory, and Goal-Setting Theory. Expectancy Theory outlines that motivation comes from believing effort will lead to good performance, and that good performance will bring valued outcomes. Equity Theory centers on fairness—people compare their inputs and outcomes to others and adjust motivation based on perceived inequities or equity. Goal-Setting Theory shows how setting specific, challenging goals with feedback directs attention, effort, and persistence, boosting motivation and performance. The other options mix content theories about needs or factors, or involve justice or reinforcement ideas that don’t cohesively sit with the three process theories as commonly taught.